Introduction/History of the Nigerian Mass Media

What is today’s known as mass media in Nigeria came chronologically i.e from one stage to the other, from one technological advancement to the other, from one regime or government or the other. There is no doubt about the fact that print media pioneered and ushered the history of the Nigerian mass media.

However, despite the disagreements among earlier scholars, researchers and media experts on how and when the press began in Nigeria, yet most of the scholars and experts agreed that Nigerian’s first newspaper was Iwe-Iroyin fun Awon Egba (the Newspaper for the Egba People) floated by Reverend Henry Townsend in Abeokuta in 1859 (Lawal, 2014). The newspaper was published in Yoruba language with its English supplement came in March 1860, although it was mainly a Christian evangelical paper (Aliagan, 2006).

From the humble beginning of the print journalism in 1859, different newspapers and magazines have emerged; later the nation witnessed another development of electronic media particularly the radio services through British Broadcasting Corporation Rediffusion in 1932 among other growth in the broadcast media up till date (Oyekanmi, 2018).

This piece shall holistically examined history of the Nigerian mass media particularly the broadcast media with emphasis on the radio and television respectively from 1932 till today.     

1.1       DEFINITION OF MASS MEDIA

One of the concepts in mass communication and journalism that has many definitions, though pointing to the same direction is the concept of “Mass Media”. Different scholars in Nigeria and all over the world have seen it from different angles especially from their cultural, political, technological and social contexts. For the purpose of this piece, few credible and scholarly definitions of mass media will be considered to give clear focus on what Mass Media are and do. Mass media is considered to be an umbrella term used for all means of communication to a wider and larger audience residing in different geographical locations.

Mass media is a plural of mass medium which can be described as technology that can be used to pass information to a large audience that are usually distance from the sources of the message often through the radio and television (simultaneous media) and partially or non-simultaneous media (newspaper and magazine). Although, many scholars believe that the internet is inclusive whereas many also disagree, but I think is inclusive because, the internet has the characteristic of simultaneous delivery of message e.g live streaming, live video conferencing, etc  and non-simultaneous at the same time e.g watching podcast, blog posts etc.  

Lawal (2004:2) defines mass media as a means or channels through which messages or information are transferred or disseminate to a wider and larger heterogeneous audience who are residing in a diverse location. Also, mass media organization is described as that produce news or entertainment content and distribute that content to a large number of geographically separated people through a technologically based medium (David, 2005:182).

The term mass media simply translates to the modern means of giving news, opinion, education and entertainment to large numbers of people, especially through radio, television, newspapers, magazines and films. Isamuko, (2011) writes that news is distributed in Nigeria through print and electronic media. These include radio, television, newspaper and magazine. McQuail, (2000) describes mass media as a means of communication that operates on a large scale, reaching and involving virtually everyone in a society to a greater or lesser degree. Buttressing the above assertion, Daramola (2005:95) opines that “the mass media are very powerful socializing agent. The mass media are mainly newspapers, magazines, radios, televisions and movies they are impersonal sources and they reach large, heterogeneous and widely dispersed audiences. 

1.2       FORMS OF MASS MEDIA

            There are basically two broad categories of mass media according to Andrew and Oloruntola  (2009:18) cited in Daramola, (2005) but emergence of internet has given room for more platforms such as the Internet (Adeniran, 2017:1) 

1. Broadcast Media: Radio and television
2. Print Media: Newspaper, Magazine and Book
3. Internet (Social media, email, live streaming, podcast etc)

            However, for the purpose of this write up, efforts will be dwelled on the electronic media otherwise called broadcast media which are radio and television. Broadcasting is believed to be the act of transmitting programmes or signals intended to be received by the public through radio, television, or similar means (Encyclopedia of American, 2005:1).

            Onabajo, (2000:1) defines broadcasting as the transmission of information through radio waves from a radio or television station, to the audience in far and near places, through their receivers, which help in decoding such information.

            Folarin (2000:35) defines broadcasting as the planned provision of information, education and entertainment to a large and heterogeneous audience through two major media of mass communication. i.e the radio or television.

            In a more encompassing definition, broadcasting can be described as a process of transmitting information, idea, culture, opinion, news to a large and wide heterogeneous and anonymous audience residing in a diverse geographical location simultaneously (almost simultaneous) using a medium of mass communication (radio, television or internet) with an option of  immediate or delayed feedback (Alao and Olayinka, 2017).

1.2.1    Definition of Radio

            Radio station is a company or an organisation where the technicians, newscasters, presenters, DJ, director, reporters work with a precise responsibility for the overall interest of the company in order to deliver information, enlightenment and entertainment to the company audience (d’Ecclesia, 2013). Radio broadcasting can be defined as the wireless transmission of information, message and ideas via radio waves to a large and wide heterogeneous audience simultaneously. Radio broadcasting means using radio waves in sending information to a large and anonymous audience who listen to the transmission messages through a radio set. 

         To put it in a more succinct way, radio broadcasting is the transmission of programs sport, news, documentary, drama, musicals, opinions, interview, etc to a larger and wider anonymous audience who receives the signals simultaneously in their respective locations via a receiver. In short, radio signals can either be analog or digital. The earlier radio stations in Nigeria were transmitting on Shot Wave (SW) Amplitude Modulation (AM) and later Frequency Modulator (F.M)

1.2.2    Definition of Television

            Television is a medium of mass communication; combining audio and visual signals in sending information from a station through a wireless means to the receiving set of the audience in a diverse location simultaneously. Television is a system for converting visual images (with sound) into electrical signals, transmitting them by radio or other means, and displaying them electronically on a screen. It is also a device with a screen for receiving television signals (Oyekanmi, 2008:12).

1.3       HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF RADIO IN NIGERIA

            In order to effectively explore the history of radio in Nigeria, radio history can be better expounded under the below subheadings:

1. Rediffuion Era
2. Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS)
3. Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC)
4. Regional Broadcasting Stations (RBC)
5. Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)
6. 1992 Broadcasting Media Deregulation Viz A Vis Radio And Television
7. Digitization and Online Radio Proliferations etc.

Radio Diffusion Service (RDS)

            The journey of what is known today  as broadcast stations in Nigeria with over 200 radio stations and over 100 television channels began in 1932 as an experiment, when the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), began to rediffuse programmes and activities from BBC to other British colony which Lagos Nigeria is one of them. The service is called Radio Distribution Services (RDS). The Colonial Government then saddled Posts and Telegraphs Department with the responsibility to extend, maintain and connect many cities in Nigeria by working out plan, strategies and techniques for the distribution of the British Empire Broadcasting service programmes to many cities and this marked the beginning of broadcast media and it was the new media at that time (Alao and Olayinka, 2017:16). 

            However, in 1936, radio finally debut through the distribution of programmes originating from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in London, as part of it oversees services. The arrangement was referred to as Rediffusion, this arrangement is similar to this modern day cable service or radio networking service. This relay system of the BBC was replicated in mainly English speaking countries across the globe and succeeded in taking BBC news and programmes to many parts of the world. Radio distribution Services were opened in Kano, Abeokuta, Port-Harcourt, Ijebu Ode, Enugu, Jos, Calabar and Kaduna which allowed Nigerians to listen to the British Broadcasting Corporation’s foreign radio service over loudspeakers stationed in strategic locations. This expansion has made the number of subscribers to grow daily (Laaro, 2004).

            The colonial government contemplated the idea of a broadcasting system that would cover the West African colonies and the task was given to two BBC consultants, F.A. W Byron and L.W Turner. The following are the objectives of the first Rediffusion as highlighted by Laaro, (2004:7).

• To develop links between Great Britain and English-speaking people throughout the world;
• To propagate the British way of life, particularly in the empire and;
• To keep British citizens outside Britain informed about happenings back home.
• To build enough African audience in order to boost their propaganda programmes
• To serve their colonies and dominion in Anglophone Africa.
• Promote the indigenous Vernaculars

            The adoption and use of vernacular for the BBC programmes especially in the news did not have any connection to reflect the socio-political, cultural and economy of the colonies rather to make the illiterate audience who could not understand the message in Queen Language to grasp the messages because the contents were translated in verbatim of the English versions. The criticism of the Rediffusion that it does not have local input and as a result, Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) was born. 

Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS)

            Having experienced the success of Rediffusion Service, the British government later established radio stations by integrating all the Radio Distribution Services in the country after the Turner-Bryon Report, Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) was born on June 1, 1952 and commissioned by Sir. John McPherson who was the then, Colonial Governor. This time, the radio was wireless. 

            Onabajo (2000) posits that at the inception of Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS), British Broadcast Corporation (BBC) programmes dominated the Nigerian airwave, efforts were also made to produce programmes that the local population could relate to. There were programmes and news in three main Nigerian Languages, Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa as well as in many dialects.

            However, the NBS soon became the target of criticism, based on the dominance of BBC programmes in its broadcasts, and for what critics described as lack of the Nigerian orientation.   The BBC augmented Nigeria’s efforts by providing all the needed training and technical equipment. In fact BBC’s T. W. Charmes became first Director-General of NBS, while his counterpart, J. W. Murray, was the Chief Engineer (Alao an Olayinka, 2017:16).

Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC)

            Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation was launched on April 1, 1957, by an Act of parliament as a result of the opinions and criticism of Nigerians that NBS is a megaphone and extension of information department of the colonial government. It was equally criticized as tool of propaganda. The radio was used to suppress, distort and misrepresented facts about events and personalities in the country. The agitation and criticism later got to the Federal House of Parliament and Alhaji Dauda Adegbenro moved a motion calling on government to set up a corporation that will take over the activities of the NBS (Laaro, 2004:8) cited in Uche (1989). Majority of the parliamentarians supported the motion and a bill was sponsored on August 23 1954 but was not passed until April 1957 which ushered the birth of the Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) which seems to be the first of its kind under the British colony. Laaro, (2004:8) in Uche (1989) highlighted new role for the new Corporation in the Act, which included but not limited to the right:

• To provide as a public service, independent and impartial broadcasting services by means of wireless telegraph and by television for general reception within Nigeria;
• To provide an External Service for general reception, in countries and places outside the country; and to ensure that the services which it provides, when considered as a whole, reflect the culture, characteristics, affairs and opinions of the people of each region, or part of the Federation.
• To provide prejudicial presentation of ministerial speeches from various political parties that seek to express divergent views on controversial matter.
• Other role include but not limited to political broadcast, broadcast religious services, broadcast entertainment services.

Regional Broadcasting Stations (RBC)

            it should be recalled that during the 1953 constitution matter, the colonial Governor General MacPherson, in the course of defending the constitution matters over the radio of the then National Broadcasting Service (NBS), accused Chief Obafemi Awolowo the then Premier of the Western Region of Nigeria of being unfaithful. Chief Obafemi Awolowo therefore, requested for equal chance to pass his opinion to the people as a way of making clarifications on the allegation leveled against him by the Governor General but he was denied access to the National Broadcasting Service (NBS), in view of this, people now realized that the station (NBS) that suppose operate as impartial and unbias was doing the opposite, leading to the protest that the station should operate as a public property rather than government instrument.            

            It should be emphasized that the inability of the Premier of the Western Region of Nigeria, Chief Obafemi Awolowo to have access to NBS radio lead him to sought for alternative especially to prevent such incident in the future.  Thus, Western Nigerian Broadcasting Service (WNBS) was established as a response to what NBS did to him.  It should be recalled again that at this time, three regional governments have been created i.e the Western, Northern and Eastern regions respectively (Laaro, 2004).  

           To be precise, on October 31 1959, the Western Nigerian Broadcasting Service (WNBS) was floated by the Government of Western Region of Nigeria led by Chief Awolowo and the new corporation began with television broadcasting which was the first of its kind in the whole of Africa. The new corporation was headed by Mr. Olapade Obisesan as its pioneer Chairman. WNTV was based in Ibadan and on May, 1960, it established its radio station arm.

            The mandate of WNBS, according to Chief Obafemi Awolowo, then Premier of the Western Region, was to serve as teachers, entertainers and stimuli to all and to transform Nigeria into a modern and prosperous nation (Maureen, 2012:3).

            The Eastern and the Northern Regional Premiers quickly copied the initiative of the Western Region, with the establishment of the Eastern Nigeria Broadcasting Service (ENBS) and the Broadcasting Company of Northern Nigeria (BCNN) in 1960 and 1962 respectively.  This development brought healthy rivalry among the region as they were competing in terms of programmes and promotion of their regional core values this which ended government at the central broadcast media monopoly and hegemony (Oyekanmi, 2008).

            There is no doubt about the fact that the three regional broadcasting arms were political motivated than any other reasons which later became obvious that the motivation can never foster national unity and peace especially for a nation that just attained her political independence. The government at the central realized this and believe that something must be done to curtail the excesses of the regional broadcast stations, otherwise it will be suicidal (Laaro, 2004).

            The broadcast stations quickly became instruments in the hands of the owners because “he who pays the piper dictates the turns”. The regional government that established the stations had turned the stations to the extension of their ministry of information and instrument for political propaganda that even within their regions, the station only loyal to the party in power as there was no balance and objective reports regards national events again (Oketunmbi, 2006:12). Right from inception, it was clear that the three regional stations were mainly instruments for promoting the views of their proprietors. Each station designed programmes to project the political interests of its owner (Laaro, 2004).

Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)        

    The Decree 24 of 1977 which created Nigeria Television Authority (NTA), also transformed the radio service into autonomous body known as the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) with station identification name is Radio Nigeria. FRCN is also headed by director general who is responsible to a board of directors appointed by Federal Government, the director general assistance by team of directors otherwise known as Central Management Community (CFC). FRCN is embarking on expansion program similar to NTA arrangement as more FRCN stations are springing up across the country and today we have at least one FRCN station in at least a state across the federation. It is considered to have the largest radio network in Africa (Laaro, 2004).

            By 1978, the Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation and the Broadcasting Corporation of Northern Nigeria (BCNN) fused to become the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) with the slogan “Uplifting the People and Uniting the Nation”. Initially, FRCN transmits with medium wave service and later short wave while in 2007, FRCN started FM transmitting.  

1992 Broadcasting Media Deregulation Viz A Vis Radio And Television

       One of the hot chapters in the history of the Nigeria broadcasting is the privatization and deregulation of the sector. Broadcasting media was monopolized and solely controlled by the government (State and Federal Government) until it was deregulated through Decree No. 38 of 1992 under the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. This gave rise to the proliferation of private radio and television stations for the first time.

            The hallmark of the privatization and deregulation of the broadcasting media in Nigeria include the following as put by (Ajibulu, 2013).

1. This development has brought healthy rivalry and competition in the broadcast industry especially in terms of given the public alternative channel to voice their opinions, views and perception on matters especially issue of public and national interest.
2. Initially, radios and televisions only promote the views of the government that owns them. The government broadcast media are full of government says, according to government etc.

• Government broadcast media never see anything bad about government programmes and policies, as a result they don’t criticize government.

1. As more private radios and televisions surface in Nigeria, more jobs are created for the unemployed youths as presenters, broadcasters, marketers, engineers, administrators etc.
2. It also provides the public with multiple channels i.e more radio and more television stations.
3. The deregulation of broadcasting sector has equally brought about new approaches to the political coverage and analysis.

• It has created watchdog for the people in power through constructive criticism.  
• The present of private broadcasting stations forced various media to compete uniquely with quality and objective programmes

1. Another contribution of the deregulation is that it brings more creativity and innovation to the broadcast industry.

            Similarly, the deregulation of the broadcast media also led to the establishment of a broadcast regulatory body, the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) with the power to regulate the entire broadcast industry in Nigeria, both public and private (Ajibulu, 2013).

            However, DAAR Communications, owners of Africa Independent Television (AIT) and Raypower Radio started first private broadcasting on September 1, 1994.  It began  full commercial  broadcast operations  on its  high profile radio channel with the call sign,  RayPower  100.5,  the first private independent radio station in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. While AIT, Channel 21, followed as the first private television station in the country on December 6, 1996. Ever since then, the numbers of registered radio and television stations have continued to increase. For the purpose of this piece, few of the radio and television channels will be highlight and briefly explained.

            As at 2017, there are over 200 radio stations in Nigeria with at least a federal radio station, a private radio station and a state radio in most of the 36 state across the federation. Similarly, television stations can also boost of over 100 channels  (NBC, 2017). Some of the radio stations are:

103.5 – Harmony FM FRCN (Radio Nigeria), Idofian, Kwara State

612.8 – Radio Kwara, Ilorin (www.radiokwara.com)

95.1 – Wazobia FM, Lagos

96.9 – Cool FM, Lagos

100.5 – RayPower FM, Alagbado, Lagos

107.5 – Radio Lagos, Ikeja (Also of Eko FM)

95.7 – ABC FM, Yola

101.5 – Fombina FM Yola

88.1 – Broadcasting Corporation, Umuahia

103.5 – Pace Setter FM, Amakanma old Umuahia

103.9 – Love FM, Aguiyi Ironsi layout, Umuahia

• – FM Gotel Yola

101.1 – Planet FM, Akwa Ibom

104.5 – Atlantic FM, Uyo

90.5 – AKBC, Uyo

88.5 – Anambra Broadcasting Service, Awka

91.5 – Blaze FM, Oraifite

95.7 – Ray Power FM, Bauchi

95.5 – Royal FM, Yenagoa

102.5 – Ray Power FM, Elebele, Yenagoa

95.0 – Radio Benue, Makurdi

• – Harvest FM, Makurdi

94.5 BRTV Borno Radio Maiduguri

102.5 Peace FM (FRCN), Maiduguri

104.5 Cross River Broadcasting Corporation (CRBC)

95.9 Hit FM, Calabar

93.1 – Quest FM, Ughelli-Patani Road, Ogor

• – Ray power FM, Oghara

97.9 – Voice of Delta Radio, Asaba

98.1 – Salt FM, Abakaliki

101.5 – Unity FM, Abakaliki

95.775 – Edo Broadcasting Service, Aduwawa

105.5 – RayPower FM, Ikhuen Niro, Benin city.

100.5 – Progress FM (FRCN), Ado Ekiti

91.5FM – Golden voice of Ekiti (BSES)…

89.9FM – Voice FM, Ado-Ekiti

92.9 – Coal City FM (FRCN), Enugu

828 – Radio Nigeria 1 Enugu Enugu

91.9 MHz – Gombe (GMC) FM

103.5 MHz – Jewel (FRCN) FM, Gombe

94.4 – Orient FM, Owerri. (Broadcasting Corporation)

100.5 – Heartland FM, Owerri.

93.5 – FM Andaza, Jigawa

99.5 – Freedom Radio, Dutse

92.9 – Freedom Radio FM, Kaduna

96.1 – Supreme FM, Kaduna (FRCN)

93.1 – Arewa FM.

103.5 -Pyramid FM (FRCN)

104.5 – Radio Nigeria Companion FM, Katsina (FRCN)

106.5 – Ray Power FM, Katsina

95.5 – Kebbi State Radio, Birnin kebbi

103.5 – Equity FM, Birnin Kebbi

94.0 – Confluence FM, Lokoja

95.5 – Grace FM, Lokoja

101.5 – Prime FM (FRCN), Kogi state

97.1 – Nasarawa Broadcasting Service (Lafia)

102.5 – Precious FM (Lafia,FRCN)

100.5 – Power FM, Bida – FRCN

90.5 – Victory FM, Minna

94.1 – Rainbow FM, Ogun state

94.5 – Paramount FM, FRCN, Abeokuta

90.5 – OGBC FM, Abeokuta

88.9 – Adaba FM, Ilara-Mokin via Akure

102.5 – Positive FM (FRCN), Akure

94.5 – Orange FM, Akure

91.7 – Rave FM, Oroki Estate, Osogbo

95.5 – Gold FM, Iloko-Ijesa road, Ilesa. (FRCN)

103.1 – Uniq FM, Ara Station, Okesa, Ilesa

104.5 – Living Spring FM, Ile-Awiye, Oke Baale, Osogbo.

93.5 – Premier FM (FRCN), Dugbe, Ibadan

105.5 – Splash FM, Felele, Ibadan

90.5 – Peace FM, Jos

101.5 – Highland FM, Jos (FRCN)

95.9 – Cool FM

98.5 – Treasure FM (FRCN)

94.1 – Wazobia FM

99.5 – Freedom FM, Sokoto

101.5 – Royal FM, Sokoto

90.6 – TSBS Taraba radio Jalingo

104.5 – Gift FM Jalingo

89.5 FM pride of the Sahel Damaturu

102.5 Pride FM Gusau

Digitization and Online Radio Proliferations etc.

            Advancement in technology over the last decade has changed the face of all human activities including human communication and interaction. The media convergence being experience now through the internet has made digitalization and networking of media contents a necessity in order to achieve better and effective quality audio, quality audio-visual, and reaching more people in remote locations (Olayinka, 2015:1).

            Similarly, before the advent of digitalization or digital media content, media organizations rely heavily on the usage of analogue equipment such as analogue camera microphone, console and other analogue devices which made production, processing and distribution of media content analogue

            Until they are being replaced with digital cameras that use (USB, HDMI, SD card, harddrive etc) which now make the production and post-production easier, effective and sharable to different platforms from disc, memory card, to PC, DVD playback and to the recent uploading on internet platforms (Youtube, Instagram and email) and other microblog and social media platform. (Olayinka, 2015:1).   

            Also, before the move to digitization, majority of the people can only access between 1-3 channels but now with the move to digitalise all broadcast media, Nigerians can access more channels. For instance, cable television like DSTV, StarTime, GOTV and other digital terrestrial decoders enables more than 70 channels with access to local and foreign channels even in remote locations through either a dish or indoor decoder (Everest, 2013:2).

            The digital television transition refers to the shift from analog broadcasting to digital broadcasting. Many countries of the world have recognized the huge benefit which digital broadcasting offers and are making a huge effort to shift from analog broadcasting to digital broadcasting. Everest, (2013:2) stressed that transition from analog to digital broadcasting involves changing the transmission signals as well as making sure that members of the public buy high definition television sets and get rid of standard definition television sets. Digital terrestrial television such as cable, satellite, telecoms, is characterized by reduced use of spectrum and more capacity than analogue, better-quality picture, and lower operating costs for broadcast and transmission after the initial upgrade costs. A terrestrial implementation of digital television technology uses aerial broadcasts to a conventional antenna (or aerial) instead of a satellite dish or cable connection.

            Ben, Abiodun, Fola and Akintunde (2012:2) write that the transition to digital broadcasting will mark the end of free television programmes. However, this is not the case. While some television set may be affected by the change, others will not for example, television sets that receive cable and satellite signals will still receive signals from digital transmission. However, television sets that receive analog signals via antenna (these antennas have analog funers) will be out of place in the digital era.

             Digitization programme in Nigeria commenced in Abuja on June 3, 2008, following a meeting of stake holders in the broadcast industry where forum under scored the need for Nigeria to embrace the new technology, so that the country would not be turned into a dumping ground for obsolete analog equipment (Olayinka, 2015:7).

            It should be recalled that Nigeria has failed to meet its first deadline of June 17, 2012 to switch over to digital broadcasting, when in 2006 the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) announced June 17, 2015 as the final switch off date for analogue broadcasting, many felt 10 years was long enough for the Nigerian broadcast industry to transit to digital terrestrial broadcasting. Also, stakeholders in the Nigerian broadcast industry adopted June 17, 2012 as the nation’s switchover date. This date was approved by the late President Umaru Yar’Adua. By the approval, June 17, 2012 became Nigeria’s official switch off date.

            The Netherlands became the first country to transit to digital broadcasting, just a year after the policy was announced. Other countries that followed closely are Andorra, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland Denmark, Germany, Isle of Man, and Norway. Many other countries have joined the lead (Ismail, 2015).

            Again for the third time, Nigeria had failed to meet up with the deadline for digital switch over slated for June 17 2017 after it earlier failed in June 17, 2017 and June 17 2015. Nigeria has failed again in June 17 2017.

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